Пътеводител на галактическия ланаджия *updated*
Моля всички интернет доставчици преди да вземат даден човек за работа като сЪпорт да им раздават поне по една такава брушура.
Не е много но е от сърце … особенно след последният разговор проведен с Е(а)Фроком.
@ OSI @
Open Systems Interconnection: A seven (7) layer architecture model for communications systems developed by the ISO for the interconnection of data communications systems. Each layer uses and builds on the services provided by those below it. An international standardization program to facilitate communications among computers from different manufacturers.
@ IP @
Internet Protocol The communications protocol underlying the Internet, IP allows large, geographically-diverse networks of computers to communicate with each other quickly and economically over a variety of physical links. An Internet Protocol Address is the numerical address by which a location in the Internet is identified. Computers on the Internet use IP addresses to route traffic and establish connections among themselves; people generally use the human-friendly names made possible by the Domain Name System.
@ IP Address @
The numeric address of a computer on the Internet. An IP address is written as a set of four numbers separated by periods (each number can range from 0 to 255). An example of an IP address is 123.123.4.5.
@ LAN @
Local area network: a network where computers are connected in close proximity, such as in the same building or office park.
@ WAN @
A system of LANs connected at a distance is called a wide-area network.
@ Router @
A device that determines the next network point to which a data packet should be forwarded enroute toward its destination. The router is connected to at least two networks and determines which way to send each data packet based on its current understanding of the state of the networks it is connected to. Routers create or maintain a table of the available routes and use this information to determine the best route for a given data packet.
@ Switch @
Device that filters and forwards packets between LAN segments.
@ Hub @
Concentrator that joins multiple clients by means of a single link to the rest of the LAN. A hub has several ports to which clients are connected directly, and one or more ports that can be used to connect the hub to the backbone or to other active network components. A hub functions as a multiport repeater; signals received on any port are immediately retransmitted to all other ports of the hub. Hubs function at the physical layer of the OSI Reference Model.
@ NIC @
An acronym for network interface card, a plug-in adapter card that provides the physical connection to the network.
@ Subnet Mask @
A “filter” that tells the Server whether a node is on the local network or a remote network. The Server supports Telnet connections across networks through the use of gateways, using gateway hosts to forward messages across network boundaries. The Server uses the subnet mask as a filter; if the Server’ IP address and the remote IP address appear the same after the filter, the remote host is assumed to be on the same local network. Otherwise, the gateway is used.
@ Network Address @
The network portion of an IP address. For a class A network, the network address is the first byte of the IP address. For a class B network, the network address is the first two bytes of the IP address. For a class C network, the network address is the first three bytes of the IP address. In each case, the remainder is the host address. In the Internet, assigned network addresses are globally unique.
See also: Internet, IP address, subnet address, host address, Internet Registry. [RFC 1983]
@ Gateway @
A computer system for exchanging information across incompatible networks by translating between two dissimilar protocols. May also describe any mechanism that gives access to another, such as an ISP which acts as a gateway to the Internet.
@ Host @
A computer on a network that provides services to other computers on the network.
@ Broadcast Address @
Special address reserved for sending a message to all stations. Generally, a broadcast address is a MAC destination address of all ones. Compare with multicast address and unicast address. See also broadcast.
@ Port @
One of the network input/output channels of a computer running TCP/IP. In the world wide web, port usually refers to the port number a server is running on. A single computer can have many web servers running on it, but only one server can be running on each port. The default port for world wide web servers is 80.
@ Socket @
Mechanism for creating a virtual connection between processes. It interfaces standard I/O with network communication facilities. A socket address consists of a port number and an IP address.
@ Network Masking @
Netmask Netmask (binary) CIDR Notes
255.255.255.255 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 /32 Host (single address)
255.255.255.254 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111110 /31 Unusable
255.255.255.252 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100 /30 2 usable
255.255.255.248 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000 /29 6 usable
255.255.255.240 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000 /28 14 usable
255.255.255.224 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 /27 30 usable
255.255.255.192 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000 /26 62 usable
255.255.255.128 11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000 /25 126 usable
255.255.255.0 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 /24 “Class C” 254 usable
255.255.254.0 11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000 /23
255.255.252.0 11111111.11111111.11111100.00000000 /22
255.255.248.0 11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000 /21
255.255.240.0 11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000 /20
255.255.224.0 11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000 /19
255.255.192.0 11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000 /18
255.255.128.0 11111111.11111111.10000000.00000000 /17
255.255.0.0 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 /16 “Class B”
255.254.0.0 11111111.11111110.00000000.00000000 /15
255.252.0.0 11111111.11111100.00000000.00000000 /14
255.248.0.0 11111111.11111000.00000000.00000000 /13
255.240.0.0 11111111.11110000.00000000.00000000 /12
255.224.0.0 11111111.11100000.00000000.00000000 /11
255.192.0.0 11111111.11000000.00000000.00000000 /10
255.128.0.0 11111111.10000000.00000000.00000000 /9
255.0.0.0 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 /8 “Class A”
254.0.0.0 11111110.00000000.00000000.00000000 /7
252.0.0.0 11111100.00000000.00000000.00000000 /6
248.0.0.0 11111000.00000000.00000000.00000000 /5
240.0.0.0 11110000.00000000.00000000.00000000 /4
224.0.0.0 11100000.00000000.00000000.00000000 /3
192.0.0.0 11000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 /2
128.0.0.0 10000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 /1
0.0.0.0 00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 /0
@ Basic Network with 254 usable addresses @
255.255.255.0 Network Mask
192.168.0.0 Network Address
192.168.0.1 Network Gateway
192.168.0.2 Network Host
192.168.0.3 Network Host
192.168.0.4 Network Host … and so on to 192.168.0.254
192.168.0.255 Network Broadcast
@ References @